Deoxyribonucleic acid repair and apoptosis in testicular germ cells of aging fertile men: the role of the poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl)ation pathway.

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between men's age and DNA damage repair proteins related to apoptosis in human testicular germ cells. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. SETTING Academic institutions. PATIENT(S) Testicular specimens were obtained from 22 fertile volunteers aged 20-82 years. INTERVENTION(S) Deoxyribonucleic acid repair markers were assessed using immunohistochemical staining for the cell proliferation marker [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)]; DNA repair markers [poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) (PAR), X-ray repair cross-complementing1(XRCC1), and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1)]; and apoptosis-associated markers (caspase 9, active caspase 3, and cleaved PARP-1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The prevalence and cellular localization of the above markers in testicular tissues of young, middle aged, and old men. RESULT(S) Statistically significant differences in DNA damage repair-associated proteins (PARP-1, PAR, XRCC1, and APE1), and apoptosis markers (caspase 9, active caspase 3, and cleaved PARP-1) were observed in testicular samples from older men. These differences were most marked in spermatocytes. CONCLUSION(S) The study demonstrates that there is an age-related increase in human testicular germ cell DNA break repair and apoptosis with age.